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1 Chatelier, Henri Louis le
Biographical history of technology > Chatelier, Henri Louis le
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2 Le Chatelier, Henri Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 8 November 1850 Paris, Franced. 17 September 1926 Miribel-les-Echelle, France[br]French inventor of the rhodium—platinum thermocouple and the first practical optical pyrometer, and pioneer of physical metallurgy.[br]The son of a distinguished engineer, Le Chatelier entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1869: after graduating in the Faculty of Mines, he was appointed Professor at the Ecole Supérieure des Mines in 1877. After assisting Deville with the purification of bauxite in unsuccessful attempts to obtain aluminium in useful quantities, Le Chatelier's work covered a wide range of topics and he gave much attention to the driving forces of chemical reactions. Between 1879 and 1882 he studied the mechanisms of explosions in mines, and his doctorate in 1882 was concerned with the chemistry and properties of hydraulic cements. The dehydration of such materials was studied by thermal analysis and dilatometry. Accurate temperature measurement was crucial and his work on the stability of thermocouples, begun in 1886, soon established the superiority of rhodium-platinum alloys for high-temperature measurement. The most stable combination, pure platinum coupled with a 10 per cent rhodium platinum positive limb, became known as Le Chatelier couple and was in general use throughout the industrial world until c. 1922. For applications where thermocouples could not be used, Le Chatelier also developed the first practical optical pyrometer. From hydraulic cements he moved on to refractory and other ceramic materials which were also studied by thermal analysis and dilatometry. By 1888 he was systematically applying such techniques to metals and alloys. Le Chatelier, together with Osmond, Worth, Genet and Charpy, was a leading member of that group of French investigators who established the new science of physical metallurgy between 1888 and 1900. Le Chatelier was determining the recalescence points in steels in 1888 and was among the first to study intermetallic compounds in a systematic manner. To facilitate such work he introduced the inverted microscope, upon which metallographers still depend for the routine examination of polished and etched metallurgical specimens under incident light. The principle of mobile equilibrium, developed independently by Le Chatelier in 1885 and F.Braun in 1886, stated that if one parameter in an equilibrium situation changed, the equilibrium point of the system would move in a direction which tended to reduce the effect of this change. This provided a useful qualitative working tool for the experimentalists, and was soon used with great effect by Haber in his work on the synthesis of ammonia.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrand Officier de la Légion d'honneur. Honorary Member of the Institute of Metals 1912. Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Medal.Further ReadingF.Le Chatelier, 1969, Henri Le Chatelier.C.K.Burgess and H.L.Le Chatelier, The Measurement of High Temperature.ASDBiographical history of technology > Le Chatelier, Henri Louis
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3 Le Chatelier-Braun'sches Prinzip
n < therm> ■ principle of least resistance; Le Chatelier-Braun principle; Le Chatelier principleGerman-english technical dictionary > Le Chatelier-Braun'sches Prinzip
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4 le Chatelier
m.le Chatelier, Henry le Chatelier. -
5 principio di Le Chatelier
[CHIM, FIS]Le Chatelier’s principleDizionario chimica Italiano-Inglese > principio di Le Chatelier
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6 Mallard-Le Chatelier formula
формула Малляра – Ле-Шателье ( расчёта скорости горения)Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > Mallard-Le Chatelier formula
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7 Charpy, Augustin Georges Albert
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1 September 1865 Ouillins, Rhône, Franced. 25 November 1945 Paris, France[br]French metallurgist, originator of the Charpy pendulum impact method of testing metals.[br]After graduating in chemistry from the Ecole Polytechnique in 1887, Charpy continued to work there on the physical chemistry of solutions for his doctorate. He joined the Laboratoire d'Artillerie de la Marine in 1892 and began to study the structure and mechanical properties of various steels in relation to their previous heat treatment. His first memoir, on the mechanical properties of steels quenched from various temperatures, was published in 1892 on the advice of Henri Le Chatelier. He joined the Compagnie de Chatillon Commentry Fourchamboult et Decazeville at their steelworks in Imphy in 1898, shortly after the discovery of Invar by G.E. Guillaume. Most of the alloys required for this investigation had been prepared at Imphy, and their laboratories were therefore well equipped with sensitive and refined dilatometric facilities. Charpy and his colleague L.Grenet utilized this technique in many of their earlier investigations, which were largely concerned with the transformation points of steel. He began to study the magnetic characteristics of silicon steels in 1902, shortly after their use as transformer laminations had first been proposed by Hadfield and his colleagues in 1900. Charpy was the first to show that the magnetic hysteresis of these alloys decreased rapidly as their grain size increased.The first details of Charpy's pendulum impact testing machine were published in 1901, about two years before Izod read his paper to the British Association. As with Izod's machine, the energy of fracture was measured by the retardation of the pendulum. Charpy's test pieces, however, unlike those of Izod, were in the form of centrally notched beams, freely supported at each end against rigid anvils. This arrangement, it was believed, transmitted less energy to the frame of the machine and allowed the energy of fracture to be more accurately measured. In practice, however, the blow of the pendulum in the Charpy test caused visible distortion in the specimen as a whole. Both tests were still widely used in the 1990s.In 1920 Charpy left Imphy to become Director-General of the Compagnie des Aciéries de la Marine et Homecourt. After his election to the Académie des Sciences in 1918, he came to be associated with Floris Osmond and Henri Le Chatelier as one of the founders of the "French School of Physical Metallurgy". Around the turn of the century he had contributed much to the development of the metallurgical microscope and had helped to introduce the Chatelier thermocouple into the laboratory and to industry. He also popularized the use of platinum-wound resistance furnaces for laboratory purposes. After 1920 his industrial responsibilities increased greatly, although he continued to devote much of his time to teaching at the Ecole Supérieure des Mines in Paris, and at the Ecole Polytechnique. His first book, Leçons de Chimie (1892, Paris), was written at the beginning of his career, in association with H.Gautier. His last, Notions élémentaires de sidérurgie (1946, Paris), with P.Pingault as co-author, was published posthumously.[br]BibliographyCharpy published important metallurgical papers in Comptes rendus… Académie des Sciences, Paris.Further ReadingR.Barthélémy, 1947, "Notice sur la vie et l'oeuvre de Georges Charpy", Notices et discours, Académie des Sciences, Paris (June).M.Caullery, 1945, "Annonce du décès de M.G. Charpy" Comptes rendus Académie des Sciences, Paris 221:677.P.G.Bastien, 1963, "Microscopic metallurgy in France prior to 1920", Sorby Centennial Symposium on the History of Metallurgy, AIME Metallurgical Society Conference Vol.27, pp. 171–88.ASDBiographical history of technology > Charpy, Augustin Georges Albert
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8 принцип подвижного равновесия
1) Chemistry: Le Chatelier-Braun principle, principle of mobile equilibrium2) Makarov: Le Chatelier principleУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > принцип подвижного равновесия
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9 reguła przekory
• Le Chatelier-Braun's principle• principle of Le Chatelier -
10 Ле Шателье
Mathematics: Le Chatelier -
11 кольцо Ле Шателье
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12 пикнометр Ле Шателье
Silicates: Le Chatelier bottleУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > пикнометр Ле Шателье
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13 прибор ле Шателье
Construction: Chatelier apparatus (лабораторный прибор для определения объёма взвешенной порции зернистых материалов) -
14 принцип Ле-Шателье
Makarov: Le Chatelier principleУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > принцип Ле-Шателье
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15 принцип Лешателье
Chemistry: Le Chatelier's principle -
16 принцип смещения равновесия
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > принцип смещения равновесия
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17 принцип смещения равновесия Ле Шателье
Metallurgy: Le Chatelier principleУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > принцип смещения равновесия Ле Шателье
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18 принцип смещения равновесия Ле Шателье-Брауна
Makarov: Le Chatelier-Braun principleУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > принцип смещения равновесия Ле Шателье-Брауна
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19 глинозем
* * *глинозё́м м.
aluminaкальцини́ровать глинозё́м — calcine aluminaполуча́ть глинозё́м автокла́вным спо́собом — prepare alumina by the autoclave [Bayer] processполуча́ть глинозё́м спека́нием — prepare alumina by the Deville-Pechiney [le Chatelier-Morin] process* * * -
20 Chatelierprøve
subst. (avfallstek) le Chatelier test
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См. также в других словарях:
Châtelier — Châtelier, Chatelier Désigne celui qui est originaire d une localité appelée le Châtelier, le Châtellier, le Chastelier, toponyme très courant en France (du latin castellare, dérivé de castellus = château). C est dans la Loire Atlantique et en… … Noms de famille
Chatelier — Châtelier, Chatelier Désigne celui qui est originaire d une localité appelée le Châtelier, le Châtellier, le Chastelier, toponyme très courant en France (du latin castellare, dérivé de castellus = château). C est dans la Loire Atlantique et en… … Noms de famille
Chatelier-Braun-Prinzip — [ʃatə lje ], Physik: das Le Chatelier Braun Prinzip … Universal-Lexikon
Chatelier — Chatelier, Henry Louis le … Enciclopedia Universal
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Henry Le Chatelier — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Le Chatelier. Henry Le Chatelier Naissance 8 octobre 1 … Wikipédia en Français
Henry Louis Le Chatelier — Infobox Scientist name = Henry Louis Le Chatelier box width = image width =150px caption = Henry Louis Le Chatelier, an influential French/Italian chemist and engineer, inventor of Le Chatelier s principle. birth date=birth date|df=yes|1850|10|8… … Wikipedia
Le Châtelier, Henry-Louis — born Oct. 8, 1850, Paris, France died Sept. 17, 1936, Miribel les Échelles French chemist. A professor at the Collège de France and the Sorbonne, he is best known for the principle of Le Châtelier, which makes it possible to predict the effect… … Universalium
Henri Le Chatelier — Henry Le Chatelier Pour les articles homonymes, voir Le Chatelier. Henry Le Chatelier Henry Louis Le Chatelier (Paris le 8 … Wikipédia en Français